Below you will find information on Terran monkeys and apes (primates), and terminology you might find associated with them. (This page does not include humans or their direct ancestors, which are also primates but are covered on other pages. It also does not include prosimians like lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, aye-ayes and bushbabies, although they may get their own page someday.)

By the end of the 21st Century C.E., many species were near extinction, mostly due to loss of habitat. Many died out during World War III and the Post Atomic Horror. In the time of the Federation, no apes, except for gibbons, remained free in the wild, although chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans survived in zoos and wildlife parks. Some monkey species survived in South America and Asia, as well as feral colonies in American southern states.

Vulcans are interested in life on Earth, since their own planet has limited biodiversity and no close relative of theirs has existed for many thousands of years. In the Vulcan method of measuring intelligence, apes are considered "semi-sentient" and monkeys are considered "near-sentient". (This page uses extended characters, so you may need to adjust your browser language settings for them to display properly.)


Africa -- Ahfrikuh
Agile -- sagrastil-, sagrastilik
Agile gibbon (black-handed gibbon) -- sagrastil-gihbuhn
Agility -- sagrastil'es
Amazon Basin -- Eik-Yerak t'Amazonas
Amazon Jungle -- Nu'ri-Masu-Laptra t'Amazonas
Angola -- An'goluh
Animal (n.) -- aushfa
Ankle -- mal-nik
Ape (singe, aap, Affe, scimmia, simio, πίθηκος, 猿, 猩, 狙, kera, nyani, biri, sokwe, kwenkawu, inaki) -- eip
Argentina -- Arkhen'tina, Ardzhen'tinuh
Arm (n.) -- kar
Arunachal macaque -- muh'kak t'Aruna'chal Pra'desh
Asia -- Eizhuh
Assam macaque -- muh'kak t'Asam
Attack -- nashiv (n.), nashiv-tor (v.)

Baboon (dog-faced monkey, babi, babouin, baviaan, Pavian, babbuino, βαβουίνος, قرد الرباح, tshwene, ayna ya nyani, mnkhwere, bika) -- bah'bun
Baby (n.) -- kan-bu
Bale Mountains vervet -- vuhrvet t'Suk'kunellar t'Beil
Banana -- buhnahnuh
Banded leaf monkey -- zhelal-mor-muhnki
Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ) -- Bang'gluh'deish
Barbary macaque -- barbar-muh'kak
Battle (n.) -- faukh
Behavior -- kloshai
Belize -- Buh'liz
Benin (Bénin -- Beinin, Benihn, Buh'nin
Bite -- zeshaya (n.), zeshau (v.)
Black (n., person) -- mu'gelsu
Black-capped capuchin (brown capuchin, tufted capuchin) -- nesh-kur-taikalik kahpyuchihn
Black capuchin -- nesh-kur-kahpyuchihn
Black-headed marmoset -- nesh-kur-patamalik marmo'set
Black-shanked douc -- nesh-kur ne-malalik duk
Black-striped capuchin -- nesh-kur-zehlalik kahpyuchihn
Black-tailed marmoset -- nesh-kur-harralik marmo'set
Black-tufted marmoset -- nesh-kur-kalishalik marmo'set
Blond capuchin -- kin-isachyalik kahpyuchihn
Blood -- khaf
Bonnet macaque -- ko-patam-weinalik muh'kak
Bonobo (pygmy chimpanzee, dwarf chimpanzee, gracile chimpanzee) -- buh'nobo, banuhbo
Booted macaque -- klufal-muh'kak
Bornean orangutan -- orahng'utahn t'Borni'o
Bornean white-bearded gibbon -- wan-kur-hisahkalik gihbuhn t'Borni'o
Borneo -- Borni'o
Botswana -- Bat'swanuh
Brachiation (arm swinging) -- kar-tvaun
Branch (n.) -- kas-gel (bush); lap-gel (tree)
Brazil (Brasil) -- Brazil
Buffy-headed marmoset -- ug'mazhiv-kur-patamalik marmo'set
Buffy-tufted marmoset -- ug'mazhiv-kur-kalishalik marmo'set
Burkina Faso -- Buhrkinuh Faso
Burundi (Urundi) -- Buruhndi

Call -- vutaya (n.); vutau (v.)
Callous (n.) -- stein
Cambodia (Kambuja, Kâmpŭchéa, Kampuchea) -- Kam'pu'chiuh, Kahm'bodiuh
Cameroon (Cameroun) -- Kamuh'run
Captive ape -- kumal-eip
Captive monkey -- kumal-muhnki
Capture -- kum (n.), kum-tor (v.)
Capuchin monkey -- kahpyuchihn-muhnki
Cat Ba langur -- lahnguhr t'Kat Ba
Catch -- kum (n.), kum-tor (v.)
Cave (n.) -- tauk
Celebes crested macaque (crested black macaque, Sulawesi crested macaque, black ape) -- sazasfekal-muh'kak t'Selibz
Central Africa -- Svitan-Ahfrikuh
Central African Republic (Ubangi-Shari) -- Svitan-Ahfrikuh-Spantabralesku
Central America -- Svitan-Uhmerikuh
Central chimpanzee -- svitan-tchihm'pahnzi
Chacma baboon -- bah'bun t'Tchak'ma
Chad (Tchad) -- Tchad, Tchahd
Cheek -- nak
Chimpanzee (chimp, chimpanzé, chimpansee, Schimpanse, scimpanzé, chimpancé, χιμπατζής, الشمبانزي, simpanse, ishimpanzi) -- tchihm'pahnzi
Chimpanzee-human last common ancestor -- kim-tsuk-orfikkefa t'tchihm'pahnzilar heh komihnsular
China (中国, 中國) -- Tchainuh |Dzhung-Wa, Zhung'gwo|
Coccyx -- tvi-harr
Cognition -- opul-fain
Colombia -- Ko'lombyuh
Colony -- shila
Common chimpanzee -- tsuk-tchihm'pahnzi
Common marmoset -- tsuk-marmo'set
Concolor gibbon (black crested gibbon) -- kan'kuhluhr-gihbuhn
Congo -- Kango, Kongo, Kang'go, Kong'go
Congo Basin -- Eik-Yerak t'Kango
Congo River -- Pilash t'Kango
Costa Rica -- Kostuh Rikuh
Crab-eating macaque (long-tailed macaque) -- krahb-yokulan-muh'kak
Crested capuchin (robust tufted capuchin) -- sazasfekal-kahpyuchihn
Cross River gorilla -- guhrihluh t'Pilash t'Kras
Cuba -- Kuba, Kyubuh

Darkness -- mu'gel'es
Dawn (n.) -- gad-keshtan
Day -- gad
Disappear -- sasaudau
Disappearance -- sasaudaya
Drill -- drihl
Drink -- mon (n.), mon-tor (v.)
Duoc langur (duoc, Kleideraffe, vooc va) -- duk-lahnguhr

East Africa -- She'rak-Ahfrikuh
Eastern black crested gibbon (Cao Vit black crested gibbon) -- she'rakik nesh-kur sazasfekal-gihbuhn
Eastern chimpanzee -- she'rak-tchihm'pahnzi
Eastern gorilla -- she'rak-guhrihluh
Eastern hoolock gibbon -- she'rakik hu'lak-gihbuhn
Eastern lowland gorilla -- she'rakik nuk-shaltra-guhrihluh
Ecuador -- Ekwa'ðor, Ekwuh'dor
Egypt (مَصر, مِصر‎) -- I'dzhihpt
Emilia's marmoset -- marmo'set t'Emiliuh
Enemy -- nemut
Equatorial Africa -- Dahs-Da-Kuvik Ahfrikuh
Equatorial Guinea -- Dahs-Da-Kuvik Gihni
Escaped animal -- stronal-aushfa
Ethiopia (ʾĪtyōṗṗyā) -- I'topyuh, Ithi'opiuh
Europe -- Yuropuh
Evening (n.) -- khru

Fall -- tevan (n.), tev-tor (v.)
Fang -- wu-zud
Fear -- pthak (n.), ptha (v.)
Female -- ko-, koyik (adj.); kofa (n.)
Femur -- abru-mal-hinek
Feral colony -- funkwai-shila
Finger (n.) -- ozh
Florida -- Florihduh
Folivorous -- mor-yokulan-, mor-yokulanik
Foot -- ash'ya
Footprint -- ash'yaidar
Forest -- laptra
Formosa (Taiwan) -- For'mosuh |Tai'wan|
Formosan rock macaque (Formosan rock monkey, Taiwanese macaque) -- kov-muh'kak t'For'mosuh
Frugivorous -- savas-yokulan-, savas-yokulanik
Fruit (n.) -- savas

Gabon -- Gabon
Gambia -- Gambiuh
Gentle -- mit-, mitik
Genus -- komak
Ghana -- Ganuh
Gibbon (gibbone, gibón, γίββων, 长臂猿, siamang, ungka, wakwak, con vượn) -- gihbuhn
Gnathic index (alveolar index) -- ahs-nakh
Gold-and-white marmoset -- kin-kur heh wan-kur marmo'set
Golden-bellied capuchin -- kin-kur-nehgalik kahpyuchihn
Gorilla (sokwe, inaki, igorila, goril) -- guhrihluh
Gorontalo macaque (Dumoga-Bone macaque) -- goron'talo-muh'kak
Grasp -- ruskaraya (n.), ruskarau (v.)
Grass -- yar
Grassland(s) -- yartra
Gray-shanked douc -- zhai-kur ne-malalik duk
Great ape -- lo'uk-eip
Grivet (African green monkey, savanah monkey) -- grihvet
Ground (n.) -- solektra
Guatemala -- Gwate'mala, Gwatuh'maluh
Guinea -- Gihni
Guinea baboon -- bah'bun t'Gihni
Guinea-Bissau -- Gihni-Bihsau
Guyana -- Gai'ahnuh

Hainan black crested gibbon -- nesh-kur sazasfekal-gihbuhn t'Hai'nan
Hamadryas baboon -- hamuh'drai'uhs-bah'bun
Hand -- el'ru
Hatinh langur -- lahnguhr t'Ha'tihn
Heck's macaque -- muh'kak t'Hek
Herbivore -- kastik-yokulfa
Herbivorous -- kastik-yokulan-, kastik-yokulanik
Hershkovitz's marmoset -- marmo'set t'Hersh'ko'vihts
Hide -- shi'ip (n., place of concealment); ip-sut (v.)
High (adj.) -- pid|-|
Hole (n.) -- razh
Hominid -- lo'uk-eip
Honduras -- Han'duruhs
Hunt -- po'austukaya (n.), po'austukau (v.)

Ilium (hip-bone) -- gaf-hinek
Ill -- has-bosh|-|
Illness -- has-mar
India -- Ihndiuh
Indochinese silvered langur -- haul-kural-lahnguhr t'Ihdiuh-Tchainuh
Indonesia -- Ihndo'nizhuh, Ihnduh'nizhuh
Injure -- dash-tor
Injury -- dash
Introduced species -- vikatal-koshtri
Ischial callosity -- steintra t'pla'kruslar |t'bah'bunlar|
Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) -- Aivuhri Kost, Koot Div'war

Japan -- Nipan
Japanese macaque (snow monkey, 日本猿, Nihonsaru) -- muh'kak t'Nipan
Java -- Dzhava
Javan grizzled langur -- grihzuhl-lahnguhr t'Dzhava
Javan lutung -- lu'tuhng t'Dzhava
Jump (v.) -- spen-tor
Jungle -- nu'ri-masu-laptra

Kaapori capuchin -- kaapori-kahpyuchihn
Kenya -- Kenyuh
Kloss's gibbon (Mentawai gibbon, bilou) -- gihbuhn t'Klas

Langur -- lahnguhr
Laos -- Laus
Lar gibbon (white-handed gibbon) -- lar-gihbuhn
Leg -- mal
Lesotho -- Luhsoto
Lesser ape -- weh-ten-eip
Liberia -- Lai'bihriuh
Lion-tailed macaque -- lei'o-harral-muh'kak
Louisiana -- Luizi'ahnuh

Macaque -- muh'kak, muh'kahk
Malawi -- Muh'lawi
Malaysia -- Muh'leizhuh
Malbrouck -- mal'brauk
Male -- sa-, sayik (adj.); safa (n.)
Mali -- Mali
Mammal -- thas-aushfa
Mammary gland -- thas-pi'nafek
Mandrill -- mahn'drihl
Manicore marmoset -- manih'kor-marmo'set
Marca's marmoset -- marmo'set t'Marka
Marmoset -- marmo'set
Maués marmoset -- marmo'set t'Mau'eis
Meal -- yem
Meat -- kahm
Mexico (México, Mejico) -- Me'hiko, Meksiko
Milk (n.) -- thas
Monkey (singe, aap, Affe, scimmia, mono, mico, μαϊμού, サル, モンキー, 猴, 猴子, manu, tumbiri, tumbili) -- muhnki
Moonlight -- aikum-ha'gel
Moor macaque -- moor-muh'kak
Morning -- asal
Mountain -- suk'kunel (non-volcanic); zul-kunel (volcanic)
Mountain gorilla -- suk'kunel-guhrihluh
Mouth (n.) -- ru'lut
Move -- dvun (n.), dvun-tor (v.)
Mozambique (Moçambique) -- Mosuhm'bikuh
Müller's Bornean gibbon -- gihbuhn t'Borni'o t'Muhluhr
Muriqui (woolly spider monkey, charcoal monkey) -- muriki
Myanmar (Myăma) -- Myum'a, Myan'mar

Namibia (Southwest Africa) -- Nuh'mihbiuh
Native species -- salat-koshtri
Nature -- malat
Nest (n.) -- ki'an
New World monkey -- muhnki t'Uzh-Panu
Nicaragua -- Nikuh'ragwuh
Niger -- Nizher
Nigeria -- Nai'dzhihriuh
Non-human primate -- ri-komihnik lo'uk-hasu
Non-native species -- ri-salat-koshtri
North Africa -- Desh'rak-Ahfrikuh
North America -- Desh'rak-Uhmerikuh
Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon -- desh'rakik ug'mazhiv-kur-nafalik gihbuhn
Northern pig-tailed macaque -- desh'rakik pihg-harral-muh'kak
Northern white-cheeked gibbon -- desh'rakik wan-kur-nafalik gihbuhn
Nose -- han
Nut -- kov-savas

Old World monkey -- muhnki t'Os-Panu
Olive baboon -- oliuh-bah'bun
Omnivore -- fan-yokulfa
Omnivorous -- fan-yokulan-, fan-yokulanik
Orangutan (orang-utan, orangutang, orang-utang, orang) -- orahng'utahn
Orphan (n.) -- rimekhufa

Pagai Island macaque -- muh'kak t'Vikuvtra t'Pagai
Pakistan (پاكستان) -- Pakih'stan, Pahkih'stahn
Palm tree -- palm-lap
Paraguay -- Paruhgwai
Path -- yut
Paw (n.) -- aushfa-el'ru (front), aushfa-ash'ya (rear)
Pawprint -- aushfa-ash'yaidar
Philippine Islands -- Vikuvtralar t'Pilipinas
Philippine long-tailed macaque -- wu-harral-muh'kak t'Pilipinas
Pileated gibbon (capped gibbon) -- taikal-gihbuhn
Primate (n.) -- lo'uk-hasu |t'Terra|
Primatologist -- lo'uk-hasu-talsu
Primatology -- lo'uk-hasu-tal
Proboscis monkey -- suk-han-muhnki
Pursue -- zasahr-tor
Pursuit -- zasahr
Pygmy marmoset -- pi-marmo'set

Rage -- reshan (n.), resha (v.)
Red leaf monkey -- yon-kur mor-muhnki
Red-shanked douc -- yon-kur ne-malalik duk
Rhesus macaque (rhesus monkey) -- risuhs-muh'kak
Rio Acari marmoset -- marmo'set t'Ri'o Akari
River -- pilash
Roam -- papulau
Rob -- snikau
Rock (n.) -- kov
Rondon's marmoset -- marmo'set t'Randuhn
Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset -- kobsu-marmo'set t'Rus'malen
Rwanda -- Ruhwanduh

Sacrum -- reh-vlalik plat-nen
Santarem marmoset -- sahn'tarem-marmo'set
Satéré marmoset -- marmo'set t'Sa'tei'rei
Savannah -- pseth-yartra
Scratch -- zhikrazhaya (n.), zhikrazhau (v.)
Scream -- she (n.); shei (v.)
Search -- psthan (n.), pstha (v.)
Senegal -- Seneigal, Senihgal
Sex (n., gender) -- guv
Sexual dimorphism -- guv-dah-shid'es
Sexual reproduction -- guv-kanashivaya
Shoulder (n.) -- tipan
Siamang -- sai'uh'mahng
Siberut macaque -- siberut-muh'kak
Sierra Leone -- Si'era Lei'onei, Si'eruh Li'on
Signal -- glantokaya (n.), glantokau (v.)
Silence (n.) -- ralash-fam'es
Silent (adj.) -- ralash-fam-, ralash-famik
Silvery gibbon -- haul-kur-gihbuhn
Simian (n.) -- sihmiuhn |ek'eip|
Sleep -- yuk (n.), yuk-tor (v.)
Sleeping nest -- yuk-ki'an
Somalia -- Somaliuh
South Africa -- Khu'rak-Ahfrikuh
South America -- Khu'rak-Uhmerikuh
Southern pig-tailed macaque (beruk) -- khu'rakik pihg-harral-muh'kak
Southern white-cheeked gibbon -- khu'rakik wan-kur-nafalik gihbuhn
Spain (España) -- Espanya, Spein
Speciation -- koshtrivaya
Species -- koshtri
Species diversity -- koshtri-don-ka'es
Spectacled leaf monkey -- zaneshu-mor-muhnki
Spider monkey -- spaiduhr-muhnki
Sri Lanka -- Sri Langkuh, Shri Langkuh
Steal (v.) -- vazgau
Sternum -- tuf-hinek
Stump-tailed macaque -- pen-harral-muh'kak
Sudan (السودان‎) -- as-Su'dan, Su'dahn
Sumatra -- Su'matruh, Su'matra
Sumatran orangutan -- orahng'utahn t'Su'matruh
Suriname (Surinam) -- Suhruh'namuh
Swaziland -- Swazi'land

Tail (n.) -- harr
Tailed (adj.) -- harral-, harralik
Tailless monkey -- harr-fam-muhnki
Taillessness -- harr-fam'es
Tanzania -- Tanzuh'niuh
Territory -- tsokal
Thailand (ประเทศไทย) -- Prathet Ttai, Tai'lahnd
Thomas's leaf monkey -- mor-muhnki t'Tamuhs
Thumb (n.) -- kaur-ozh
Tibet (Bod, 藏区, Zàngqū, Tövd, Tsast) -- Ppoh', Bod, Bboh, Poi, Tih'bet
Tibetan macaque -- muh'kak t'Tih'bet
Togo -- Togo
Tonkin snub-nosed monkey -- pi-hanal-muhnki t'Ton'kin
Tool (n.) -- raul
Tooth -- zud
Toque macaque (rilewa, rilawa) -- tok-muh'kak
Tree (n.) -- lap
Tribe -- emumaat
Tropical rain forest -- falu-shalik masu-laptra
Tropics -- falu-shal

Uganda -- Yu'ganduh
Uruguay -- Uru'gwai

Valley -- ku-li
Venezuela -- Venuh'zweiluh
Vervet monkey (vervet) -- vuhrvet|-muhnki|
Vietnam (Việt Nam) -- Vi'et'nam
Violent -- khrashik

Water -- |mon-|masu
Wedge-capped capuchin -- shihvek-taikal-kahpyuchihn
West Africa -- Tev'rak-Ahfrikuh
Western chimpanzee -- tev'rak-tchihm'pahnzi
Western gorilla -- tev'rak-guhrihluh
Western hoolock gibbon -- tev'rakik hu'lak-gihbuhn
Western lowland gorilla -- tev'rakik nuk-shaltra-guhrihluh
White-cheeked macaque -- wan-kur-nakalik muh'kak
White-faced capuchin (white-headed capuchin) -- wan-kur-limukalik kahpyuchihn
White-fronted capuchin -- wan-kur-khomalik kahpyuchihn
White-headed marmoset -- wan-kur-patamalik marmo'set
White-thighed surili -- wan-kur abru-malalik su'rili
Wied's marmoset -- marmo'set t'Wid
Wilderness -- shi'kwai
Wound (n.) -- skek
Wounded (adj.) -- skekal-, skekalik
Wrist -- kar-nik

Yellow baboon -- kin-kur bah'bun
Yellow-cheeked gibbon -- kin-kur-nafalik gihbuhn

Zambia -- Zambiuh, Zahmbiuh
Zimbabwe -- Zim'bab'wei

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All original work on these pages ©1980-2016 by Mark R. Gardner et al
operating as the Vulcan Language Institute™.

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This page is dedicated to the memory of Dian Fossey.