Transliteration of Earth Languages into TGV & MGV
Meszunikaya t'Gen-Lislar t'Terra na'BGV eh IGV

Below you will find tables on how to transliterate sounds of various Earth languages into TGV and MGV. We also present each sound in the Intergalactic Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). This may be of use to Terran citizens who speak little or no Federation Standard (English). The guides do not provide every possible sound in each language but make an attempt at covering the common/major sounds. Some sounds are approximations because they do not exist naturally in TGV or MGV. This is not a comprehensive guide and all of these languages may have other sounds and exceptions which may be addressed in the future.

If you have any problems understanding the use of phonetic symbols in pronunciation, there are numerous online sources you can search for that explain phonetic alphabets. Also our Phonetics & Pronunciation page and our Lesson 1 may be of some help. (Sorry, but this page will likely only display properly if your browser supports Unicode, because of the use of many necessary international characters.)


Federation Standard English
Teraya-Eingelsu

Federation Standard English Letter(s)/Sound(s)	TGV/MGV Transliteration	IPA Phonetic Symbol(s)
A,a	A,a or Ah,ah or Ei,ei - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \ or \ \ or \ \
Ai,ai; Ay,ay	Ei, ei	\ \
Au,au; Aw,aw	A,a or Aa,aa or Aw,aw - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \ or \ \ or \ \
B,b	B,b	\ \
C	K,k or S,s - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Ch	Ch,ch; Tch,tch or Sh,sh - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Ç,ç (from French words)	S,s	\ \
D,d	D,d	\ \
E,e	E,e or Eh, eh - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Ee,ee	I,i	\ \
Ei,ei	Ei,ei or I,i - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Eu,eu	U,u or Yu,yu - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
F,f	F,f	\ \
G,g	G,g or Dzh,dzh or Zh,zh - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \ or \ ğ \ or \ \
Gh,gh	G,g	\ \
H,h	H,h (when not at the end of a word)	\ \
I,i	Ai,ai or Ih,ih - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Ie,ie	Ai,ai or I,i - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
J,j	Dzh,dzh	\ \ or \ ğ \
K,k	K,k	\ \
L,l	L,l	\ \
M,m	M,m (when not at the end of a word)	\ \
N,n	N,n (when not at the end of a word)	\ \
O,o; Oa,oa; Oe,oe	O,o	\ \ or \ \
Oi,oi; Oy,oy	Oi,oi	\ \
Ou,ou	Au,au or U,u - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \ or \ \
P,p	P,p	\ \
Ph,ph	F,f	\ \
Qu,qu	Kw,kw	\ \
R,r; Rh,rh	R,r	\ \
S,s	S,s	\ \
T,t	T,t	\ \
Th,th (hard)	Th,th	\ \ or \ þ \
Th,th (soft)	Ð,ð	\ ð \
U,u	U,u or Uh,uh or Yu,yu - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \ or \ \ or \ \ or \ \ or \ \
Uh,uh	Uh,uh	\ \ or \ \ or \ \ or \ \
V,v	V,v	\ \
W,w	W,w	\ \
X,x (beginning)	Z,z	\ \
X,x (interior or end)	Ks,ks	\ \
Y,y (consonant)	Y,y	\ \
Y,y (vowel)	Ai,ai or I,i - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Z,z	Z,z	\ \

French (Français)
Fransei

French Letter(s)/Sound(s)	TGV/MGV Transliteration	IPA Phonetic Symbol(s)
A,a; À,à; Á,á	A,a or Ă,ă - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Ai,ai; Aî,aî	E,e or Eh, eh - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Au,au	O,o	\ \
B,b	B,b	\ \
C	K,k or S,s - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Ch	sh	\ \
Ç,ç	S,s	\ \
D,d	D,d	\ \
E,e	E,e or Eh, eh - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
É,é; Er,er; Et,et	Ei,ei	\ \
È,è; Ê ê	E,e	\ \
F,f	F,f	\ \
G,g (before "a", "o" and "u")	G,g	\ \
G,g (before "e", "i" and "y")	Zh,zh	\ \
Gn,gn	Ny,ny	\ \
H,h	always silent, so not transliterated	N/A
I,i; Î,î	I,i	\ \
Ï,ï	I,i or Y,y - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
J,j	Zh,zh	\ \
K,k	K,k	\ \
L,l	L,l	\ \
M,m	M,m (when not at the end of a word)	\ \
N,n	N,n (when not at the end of a word)	\ \
O,o	O,o	\ \ or \ \
Ô,ô	O,o	\ \
Œ(u), œ(u)	Ö,ö	\ œ \
Oi,oi; Oî,oî; Oy,oy	Wa,wa	\ \
P,p	P,p	\ \
Qu,qu	K,k	\ \
R,r	R,r or Rrh,rrh - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Rr,rr	Rrh,rrh	\ \
S,s	S,s	\ \
T,t	T,t	\ \
U,u	Uh,uh (before vowels) or Ü,ü (elsewhere)	\ \ or \ y \
Ü,ü; Û,û	Ü,ü	\ y \
V,v	V,v	\ \
W,w	V,v or W,w - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
X,x	Ks,ks (when not at the end of a word)	\ \
Y,y	I,i or Y,y - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Z,z	Z,z	\ \

German (Deutsch)
Doich

German Letter(s)/Sound(s)	TGV/MGV Transliteration	IPA Phonetic Symbol(s)
A,a	A,a or Aa,aa - depending on long or short	\ \ or \ \
Ä,ä (short)	Ee,ee	\ \
Ä(h),ä(h) (long)	Eeh,eeh	\ \
Ai,ai; Ay,ay	Ai,ai	\ \
Au,au	Au,au	\ \
Äu,äu	Oi,oi	\ \
B,b	B,b or P,p - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
C,c	K,k or Ts,ts - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Ch,ch	K,k; Kh,kh; Ç,ç - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \ or \ ç \
D,d	D,d or T,t - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Dsch,dsch	Dzh,dzh	\ \
Dt,dt	T,t	\ \
E,e (short)	E,e (or Eh,eh)	\ \
E,e; Ee,ee; Eh,eh (long)	E,e or Ee,ee or Ei,ei - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Ei,ei; Ey,ey	Ai,ai	\ \
Er,er	Uhh,uhh (or Uhhr,uhhr)	\ \
Eu,eu	Oi,oi	\ \
F,f	F,f	\ \
G,g	G,g or K,k - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
H,h	H,h (See Note #1)	\ \
I,i (short)	Ih,ih	\ \
I,i; Ie,ie; Ih,ih (long)	I,i	\ \
J,j	Y,y or Zh,zh - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
K,k	K,k	\ \
L,l	L,l	\ \
M,m	M,m	\ \
N,n	N,n	\ \
Ng,ng	Ng,ng	\ \
Nk,nk	Nk,nk (or Ngk,ngk)	\ \ or \ \
O,o (short)	Ŏ,ŏ	\ \
O,o; Oh,oh; Oo,oo (long)	O,o (or Oo,oo)	\ \
Ö,ö (short)	Œ,œ	\ œ \
Ö(h),ö(h) (long)	Ø,ø	\ ø: \
P,p	P,p	\ \
Pf,pf	Pf,pf	\ \
Qu,qu	Kv,kv	\ \
R,r	Rr,rr; Rrh,rrh; Uhhr,uhhr - depending on the word (See Note #2)	\ R \ or \ \ or \ \
S,s	S,s; Sh,sh; Z,z - depending on the word (See Note #3)	\ \ or \ \ or \ \
Sch,sch	Sh,sh	\ \
ß	S,s (or Ss,ss) - was historically Sz but that is obsolete	\ \ or \ \
T,t	T,t	\ \
Tsch,tsch	Ch,ch/Tch,tch	\ \
U,u (short)	Uh,uh	\ \
U(h),u(h) (long)	U,u	\ \
Ü,ü (short)	Ü,ü	\ y \
Ü(h),ü(h) (long)	Üü,üü	\ y: \
V,v	F,f or V,v - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
W,w	V,v	\ \
X,x	Ks,ks or Z,z - rare and often in foreign words	\ \ or \ \
Y,y	I,i; Ü,ü; Y,y - depending on the word	\ \ or \ y \ or \ \
Z,z	Ts,ts	\ \



Note #1: Following a vowel, "H" only lengthens it and is not transliterated.
Note #2: "R" is not pronounced between "A" and a consonant or at the end of a word after "A".
Note #3: "S" is usually pronounced like "Sh" at the beginning of a word before a consonent and "Z" at the beginning of a word before a vowel.

Greek (Ελληνική γλώσσα)
Ellassu

Coming Someday!

Icelandic (Íslenzka/Íslenska)
Is'lenska

Icelandic Letter(s)/Sound(s)	TGV/MGV Transliteration	IPA Phonetic Symbol(s)
A,a	A,a	\ \
Á,á	Au,au	\ \
Au,au	Øi,øi	\ øy \
B,b	B,b	\ \
C,c	K,k or S,s - only in borrowed words	\ \ or \ \
D,d	D,d	\ \
Ð,ð	Ð,ð	\ \
E,e	E,e or Ee,ee	\ \ or \ \
É,é	Ye,ye	\ \ or \ \
F,f	F,f	\ \
G,g	G,g	\ \
H,h	H,h	\ \
I,i	Ih,ih or I,i - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Í,í	I,i or Ii,ii - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
J,j	Y,y	\ \
K,k	K,k	\ \
L,l	L,l	\ \
M,m	M,m	\ \
N,n	N,n	\ \
O,o	Ŏ,ŏ	\ \
Ó,ó	O,o	\ \
P,p	P,p	\ \
Qu,qu; Qv,qv	Kv,kv or Kw,kw - only in borrowed words	\ \ or \ \
R,r	R,r	\ \
S,s	S,s	\ \
T,t	T,t	\ \
U,u	Uh,uh	\ \
Ú,ú	U,u	\ \
V,v	V,v	\ \
W,w	V,v or W,w - only in borrowed words	\ \ or \ \
X,x	Gs,gs	\ \
Y,y	Ih,ih or I,i - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Ý,ý	I,i or Ii,ii - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Z,z (rare, mostly obsolete)	S,s	\ \
Þ,þ	Th,th	\ \
Æ,æ	Ai,ai	\ \
Ö,ö	Œ,œ	\ œ \

Japanese (日本語)
Nipansu

Coming Someday!

Norwegian (Norsk)
Norsk

Norwegian Letter(s)/Sound(s)	TGV/MGV Transliteration	IPA Phonetic Symbol(s)
A,a	A,a or Aa,aa - depending on long or short	\ \ or \ \
Au,au	Au,au (or Æu,æu)	\ \ or \ \
B,b	B,b	\ \
C	K,k or S,s - only in borrowed words	\ \ or \ \
D,d	D,d	\ \
E,e	Ei,ei; E,e; Eh,eh - depending on long or short (See Note #1)	\ \ or \ \ or \ \
Eg,eg; Ei,ei	Ei,ei (or Æi,æi)	\ \ or \ \
Er,er	Ahr,ahr - can be long or short	\ \ or \ \
F,f	F,f	\ \
G,g	G,g or Y,y (before i, ei or y) (See Note #2)	\ \ or \ \
Gj,gj	Y,y	\ \
H,h	H,h	\ \
Hj,hj	Y,y	\ \
I,i	I,i or Ii,ii - depending on long or short	\ \ or \ \
J,j	Y,y	\ \
K,k	K,k or Ch,ch/Tch,tch (before i or y)	\ \ or \ \
Kj,kj	Ch,ch/Tch,tch	\ \
L,l	L,l	\ \
Lj,lj	Y,y	\ \
M,m	M,m	\ \
N,n	N,n	\ \
Ng,ng	Ng,ng	\ \
O,o	U,u or Ŏ,ŏ - depending on long or short	\ , \ or \ ' \ or \ \
P,p	P,p	\ \
Qu,qu; Qv,qv	Kv,kv or Kw,kw - only in borrowed words	\ \ or \ \
R,r	Rr,rr or Rrh,rrh - depending on location	\ R \ or \ \
rd, rl, rn, rt	đ, ļ, ņ, ţ (See Note #3)	\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
rs	Sh,sh or ş (See Note #4)	\ \
S,s	S,s	\ \
Sj,sj; Sk,sk; Skj;skj	Sh,sh (when followed by i, y, ø or øy)	\ \
T,t	T,t	\ \
Tj,tj	Ch,ch/Tch,tch	\ \
U,u	Üu,üu	\ \
V,v	V,v (See Note #5)	\ \
W,w	V,v or W,w - only in borrowed words	\ \ or \ \
X,x	Ks,ks or S,s - only in borrowed words	\ \ or \ \
Y,y	Ü,ü	\ y \
Z,z	S,s or Ts,ts - only in borrowed words	\ \ or \ \
Æ,æ	Ei,ei or Ah,ah - depending on long or short	\ \ or \ \
Å,å	Oh,oh or Ŏ,ŏ - depending on long or short	\ \ or \ \
Ø,ø (sometimes Ö,ö)	Œ,œ	\ œ \
Øg,øg; Øy,øy	Oi,oi (or Œi,œi)	\ \ or \ œ \


Note #1: When unstressed, "e" is pronounced like "er" in "other", transliterated as "uhr" but given the more accurate IPA symbol of \ \.
Note #2: In endings following "i", the "g" is normally silent.
Note #3: In "rd", "rl", "rn" and "rt", the "r" is not usually pronounced, but the following gets a retroflex pronunciation, transliterated as above and using the IPA symbol for each.
Note #4: In Eastern Norway, "rs" is usually pronounced close to "sh" \ \, although this is more accurately a retroflex "s" \ \.
Note #5: In a few words, such as halv, selv, sølv and tolv, the "v" is silent.

Romanian (Româneşte)
Romuhneshte

Romanian Letter(s)/Sound(s)	TGV/MGV Transliteration	IPA Phonetic Symbol(s)
A,a	A,a or Ă,ă - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Ai,ai	Ai,ai	\ \
Au,au	Au,au	\ \
Ă,ă	Ŭ,ŭ	\ \
Ăi,ăi	Ŭi,ŭi	\ \
Ău,ău	Ŭu,ŭu	\ \
Â,â	Îh,îh	\ \
B,b	B,b	\ \
C,C	K,k or Ch,ch/Tch,tch after "e" and "i"	\ \ or \ \
Ch,ch	K,k	\ \
D,d	D,d	\ \
E,e	E,e	\ \
Ea,ea	Ah,ah or Eyuh,eyuh (at the end of word)	\ ' \ or \ \
Ei,ei	Ei,ei	\ \
Eu,eu	Eu,eu	\ \
F,f	F,f	\ \
G,g	G,g or Dzh,dzh after "e" and "i"	\ \ or \ \
Gh,gh	G,g	\ \
H,h	H,h	\ \
I,i	I,i (See Note #1 & Note #2)	\ \ or \ \ (unstressed)
Ia,ia	Ya,ya	\ \
Ie,ie	Ye,ye	\ \
Ii,ii	Ii,ii	\ \
Iii,iii	Iyi,iyi	\ \
Io,io	Yo,yo	\ \
Iu,iu	Yu,yu	\ \
Î,î	Îh,îh	\ \
J,j	Zh,zh	\ \
K,k	K,k - only in borrowed words	\ \
L,l	L,l	\ \
M,m	M,m	\ \
N,n	N,n	\ \
O,o	O,o or Ŏ,ŏ	\ \ or \ \
Oa,oa	Wă,wă	\ \
Oi,oi	Oi,oi	\ \
P,p	P,p	\ \
Q(u),q(u)	Kv,kv or Kw,kw - only in borrowed words	\ \ or \ \
R,r	Rr,rr	\ R \
S,s	S,s	\ \
Ş,ş	Sh,sh	\ \
T,t	T,t	\ \
Ţ,ţ	Ts,ts	\ \
U,u	U,u or Uuh,uuh	\ \ or \ \
Ua,ua	Wa,wa	\ \
Uă,uă	Wuh,wuh	\ \
Ui,ui	Wi,wi	\ \
V,v	V,v	\ \
W,w	W,w - only in borrowed words	\ \
X,x	Ks,ks	\ \
Y,y	Y,y - only in borrowed words	\ \
Z,z	Z,z	\ \


Note #1: An unstressed "i" at the end of a word is nearly silent and softens the previous consonant.
Note #2: Although "i" is usually nearly silent at the ends of words, in the structure "consonant + r + i" it is pronounced, as well as in verb infinitives, such as "vorbi".

Russian (Русский язык)
Ruski

Coming Someday!

Spanish (Español)
Espanyol

Coming Someday!

Turkish (Türkçe)
Tuhrk'che

Turkish Letter(s)/Sound(s)	TGV/MGV Transliteration	IPA Phonetic Symbol(s)
A,a	A,a or Ă,ă - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Â,â	Â,â (See Note #1)	\ \ or \ \
B,b	B,b	\ \
C,c	Dzh,dzh	\ \
Ç,ç	Ch,ch/Tch,tch	\ \
D,d	D,d	\ \
E,e	E,e or Eh,eh - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
F,f	F,f	\ \
G,g	G,g (See Note #2)	\ \ or \ \
Ğ,ğ	Ğ,ğ or Y,y - depending on the word (See Note #3)	\ \ or \ \
H,h	H,h or Hh,hh - depending on the word	\ \ or \ ħ \
I,ı	Ihh,ihh	\ \
İ,i	I,i or Ih,ih - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Î,î	I,i or Ii,ii - depending on the word	\ \
J,j	Zh,zh	\ \
K,k	K,k (See Note #4)	\ \ or \ \
L,l	L,l or Lh,lh - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
M,m	M,m	\ \
N,n	N,n	\ \
O,o	O,o or Ŏ,ŏ - depending on the word	\ \ or \ \
Ö,ö	Œ,œ or Ø,ø - depending on the word	\ œ \ or \ ø \
P,p	P,p	\ \
Q(u),q(u)	K,k or Kw,kw - only in borrowed words	\ \ or \ \
R,r	R,r	\ \
S,s	S,s	\ \
Ş,ş	Sh,sh	\ \
T,t	T,t	\ \
U,u	Uh,uh	\ \ or \ \
Û,û	U,u (See Note #5)	\ \ or \ \
Ü,ü	Ü,ü	\ y \
V,v	V,v	\ \
W,w	W,w - only in borrowed words	\ \
X,x	Ks,ks - only in borrowed words	\ \
Y,y	Y,y	\ \
Z,z	Z,z	\ \


Note #1: "Â" is pronounced \ \ after g, k and l.
Note #2: "G" is pronounced \ \ before (and sometimes after) e, i, ö and ü.
Note #3: Between vowels, the "ğ" is not pronounced but lengthens the previous vowel.
Note #4: "K" is pronounced \ \ before (and sometimes after) e, i, ö and ü.
Note #5: "Û" is pronounced \ \ after g, k and l.

MORE LANGUAGES TO COME!



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